Vivências do luto na amputação em um hospital de urgência e trauma / Experiences of grief and amputation in an emergency and trauma hospital

A definição de amputação compreende a separação total ou parcial de um membro do resto do corpo, com finalidade de proporcionar alívio à dor ou evitar a morte. Apesar de ser algo ocorrido no corpo físico e de cunho reconstrutor, também pode gerar impactos psíquicos a quem vivencia. Objetivos: A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo realizar um estudo qualitativo sobre como as pessoas que sofreram amputação de membros inferiores (MMII) lidam com o processo de mudança corporal e a vivência do luto. O desenvolvimento deste estudo justifica-se pelo avanço no campo da investigação do processo associado à cirurgia de amputação e seus aspectos psicológicos. Isso possibilita uma possível contribuição para a compreensão de como esses sujeitos vivenciam o processo de luto e a reintegração de sua imagem corporal, uma vez que a amputação pode trazer consequências em diversas áreas da vida do paciente. Metodologia: O estudo foi realizado através de uma amostragem intencional, composta por seis participantes, submetidos à amputação de membros inferiores, internados em um hospital de urgências. Para isso foram realizadas duas entrevistas semiestruturadas, utilizadas em dois momentos: após a indicação clínica de amputação e no pós-operatório, após a retirada do membro. Posteriormente, as entrevistas foram analisadas por meio da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados e Discussão: A partir das entrevistas realizadas, emergiram diversos conteúdos emocionais. Assim, compreendeu-se que a amputação, em grande medida, assumiu um caráter traumático para os sujeitos, sobretudo considerando-se as especificidades de cada situação em particular. Conclusões: Mediante o estudo realizado, concluiu-se que o acompanhamento psicológico nesse cenário visa a manejar o impacto psicológico que a perda do membro pode ocasionar na vida do paciente, auxiliando na construção de uma nova imagem corporal, permitindo, assim, que o sujeito possa lidar com as decorrentes repercussões emocionais

The definition of amputation comprises the complete or partial separation of a limb from the rest of the body, with the purpose of providing pain relief or preventing death. Although it is something that happens in the physical body and has a reconstructive nature, it can also generate psychological impacts on those who experience it. Objectives: The objective of this research is to conduct a qualitative study on how individuals who have undergone lower limb amputations cope with the process of bodily changes and the experience of mourning. The development of this study is justified by the advancements in the field of investigation regarding the amputation surgery process and its psychological aspects. This allows for a potential contribution to the understanding of how these individuals experience the mourning process and the reintegration of their body image, as amputation can have consequences in various areas of the patient's life. Methodology: The study was conducted through intentional sampling, consisting of six participants who had undergone lower limb amputations and were hospitalized in an emergency hospital. Two semi-structured interviews were conducted, used at two moments: after the clinical indication of amputation and post-operative limb removal, and later analyzed using content analysis technique. Results and Discussion: Several emotional contents emerged from the interviews conducted. Thus, it was understood that amputation, to a great extent, assumed a traumatic character for these individuals, especially considering the specificities of each particular situation. Conclusions: Based on the conducted study, it was concluded that psychological support in this scenario aims to manage the psychological impact that limb loss can cause in the patient's life, assisting in the construction of a new body image and enabling the individual to cope with the resulting emotional repercussions

Aspectos Psicológicos do Fenômeno do Membro Fantasma em Pacientes Oncológicos Submetidos à Cirurgia de Amputação: Revisão Integrativa da Literatura / Psychological Aspects of the Phenomenon of the Phantom Limb in Cancer Patients Undergoing Amputation Surgery: Integrative / Literature Review Aspectos Psicológicos del Fenómeno del Miembro Fantasma en Pacientes con Cáncer Sometidos a Cirugía de Amputación: Revisión Integradora de la Literatura

Introdução: Entre os tipos de câncer existentes, estão os tumores ósseos e de tecidos moles. Muitos pacientes acometidos por essas neoplasias são submetidos à cirurgia de amputação e relatam a ocorrência da sensação e/ou dor do membro fantasma. Objetivo: Identificar, sintetizar e discutir estudos realizados acerca dos aspectos psicológicos do fenômeno do membro fantasma em pacientes oncológicos submetidos à cirurgia de amputação. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura publicada nos últimos 25 anos. Realizou-se a busca de estudos experimentais, ensaios clínicos e revisões de literatura nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS e Embase. Resultados: Foram selecionados sete artigos para compor esta revisão. Três estudos estabeleceram correlações entre os fatores psicológicos e a ocorrência do fenômeno do membro fantasma após a amputação, quatro abordam aspectos psicológicos e emocionais envolvidos na cirurgia de amputação e aspectos psicológicos envolvidos no fenômeno do membro fantasma, entretanto não estabeleceram relações entre eles. Alguns autores defendem a correlação entre os aspectos psicológicos e a ocorrência do fenômeno do membro fantasma em pacientes amputados. Sua explicação neurofisiológica ainda permanece desconhecida pela comunidade científica. Conclusão: O fenômeno do membro fantasma pode sofrer influências de aspectos psicológicos e emocionais provocados pelo adoecimento e seu tratamento. Ressalta-se a necessidade de mais pesquisas sobre o fenômeno em pacientes oncológicos, principalmente, no que refere aos seus aspectos psicológicos, dada a sua relevância no cuidado oncológico

Introduction: Many patients affected by bone and soft tissue tumors, undergo amputation surgery and report the sensation and/or pain of the phantom limb. Objective: Identify, summarize and discuss studies on the psychological aspects of the phantom limb phenomenon in oncological patients who underwent amputation surgery. Method: Integrative review of the literature published in the last 25 years. Experimental studies, clinical trials and literature review were searched in the databases MEDLINE, LILACS and Embase. Results: Seven articles were selected for this review. Three studies established correlations between psychological factors and the occurrence of the phantom limb phenomenon after amputation, four addressed psychological and emotional aspects involved in the amputation surgery and psychological aspects involved in the phantom limb phenomenon, however, they did not establish relationships among them. Some authors defend the correlation between psychological aspects and the occurrence of the phantom limb phenomenon in amputee patients. Its neurophysiological explanation remains unknown to the scientific community. Conclusion: The phantom limb phenomenon can be influenced by psychological and emotional aspects caused by the illness and its treatment. Further studies about the phenomenon in cancer patients are necessary, especially about the psychological aspects, given its relevance in cancer care

Introducción: Entre los tipos de cáncer existentes se encuentran los tumores de huesos y tejidos blandos. Muchos pacientes afectados por estas enfermedades se someten a una cirugía de amputación y notifican la aparición de sensación y/o dolor en el miembro fantasma. Objetivo: Identificar y analizar estudios realizados sobre aspectos psicológicos del fenómeno del miembro fantasma en pacientes oncológicos sometidos a cirugía de amputación. Método: Revisión integradora de la literatura publicada en los últimos 25 años. La búsqueda de artículos se realizó en las bases de datos MEDLINE, LILACS y Embase. Resultados: Se seleccionaron siete artículos para componer esta revisión. Tres estudios establecen correlaciones entre factores psicológicos y la ocurrencia del fenómeno del miembro fantasma después de la amputación, cuatro abordan aspectos psicológicos y emocionales involucrados en la cirugía de amputación y aspectos psicológicos involucrados en el fenómeno del miembro fantasma, sin embargo, no establecen relaciones entre ellos. Algunos autores defienden la correlación entre los aspectos psicológicos y la ocurrencia del fenómeno del miembro fantasma en pacientes amputados. La explicación neurofisiológica sigue siendo desconocida para la comunidad científica. Conclusión: El fenómeno del miembro fantasma puede verse influido por aspectos psicológicos y emocionales provocados por la enfermedad y su tratamiento. Se destaca la necesidad de profundizar en la investigación del fenómeno en pacientes oncológicos, especialmente en sus aspectos psicológicos, dada su relevancia en la atención oncológica

Research Progress on Sensory Feedback Technology in Prostheses / 中国医疗器械杂志

As an important auxiliary tool for amputees to gain abled limb functions, prosthetic limbs with decoration or feedforward control channel could not meet the needs. In order to enable the prosthesis to deliver the information, includes temperature, pressure, position, shape and so on, a variety of sensory feedback methods have been integrated into the prosthesis. According to the position of the feedback terminal on the human body, the perceptual feedback systems include invasive and noninvasive sensory feedback. This review presents the research progress of these perceptual feedback techniques, and summarizes the problems in the application in artificial limbs. Finally, the development trend of sensory feedback technology in prostheses is prospected.

Cinesioterapia aplicada ao paciente com amputação transtibial: uma revisão metodológica / Kinesiotherapy applied to the patient with transtibial amputation: a methodological review

Objetivo: Identificar e discutir achados da literatura referentes a ensaios clínicos que abordem a cinesioterapia para amputados transtibiais. Métodos: Fez-se uma revisão integrativa de literatura. As buscas se deram entre 18 e 30 de agosto de 2019 nas bases de dados PEDro, Pubmed e Scielo. Encontraram-se 145 artigos, após aplicar os critérios de inclusão restaram 8 para análise na escala metodológica PEDro. Resultados: Os ensaios clínicos prescreveram protocolos de exercícios terapêuticos baseados em fortalecimento muscular, treinamento de marcha e exercícios funcionais proprioceptivos. Conclusão: Exercícios de marcha com velocidades diferentes, fortalecimento muscular (do membro afetado e do intacto) e exercícios domiciliares são eficazes na recuperação funcional dos amputados. (AU)

Objective: To identify and discuss findings from the literature regarding clinical trials addressing kinesiotherapy for transtibial amputees. Methods: An integrative literature review was performed. The searches took place on August 18-30, 2019 in the PEDro, Pubmed and Scielo databases. There were 145 articles, after applying the inclusion criteria, 8 were left for analysis on the PEDro methodological scale. Results: Clinical trials have prescribed therapeutic exercise protocols based on muscle strengthening, gait training, and proprioceptive functional exercise. Conclusion: Gait exercises at different speeds, muscle strengthening (affected limb and intact) and home exercises are effective in the functional recovery of amputees. (AU)

Exercise training program in children with lower-limb amputation

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Few physical exercise programs for children with limb loss have been described in detail recently. We provided information regarding the characteristics and effectiveness of an alternative rehabilitation exercise developed for children with lower-limb amputation. METHODS: An 8-year-old boy with a below-knee amputation and a 9-year-old bilateral amputee girl performed an exercise program of one 2-h session per week for 20 weeks, aimed at developing muscular strength and coordination. Walking ability and walking speed were assessed by using the L-test of functional mobility and 10-m walk test, respectively. Mechanical and neuromuscular muscle function was assessed by using tensiomyography. RESULTS: In case 1, a decrement of 9.5% and 10.5% was found in the L-test (42 s vs. 38 s) and in the 10-m test (19 s vs. 17 s) scores, respectively. In case 2, walking ability remained unchanged (L-test score: 38 s), while a 5.2% reduction in walking speed was observed (10-m test score: 19 s vs. 18 s). No relevant changes were observed in the muscular tone in both cases. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners should be aware that, contrary to what could be expected, a multidisciplinary training program held once per week for 5 months had a minimal impact on the gait pattern and neuromuscular function of two children with lower-limb amputation.

Comportamiento del dolor fantasma en pacientes amputados en Cárdenas. Periodo 2015-2019 / Phantom pain behavior in amputated patients in Cardenas. Period 2015-2019

RESUMEN Introducción: la amputación es un procedimiento quirúrgico y la incapacidad como consecuencia se puede considerar una entidad clínica. Toda respuesta a la amputación es altamente individual. Entre el 40 y 80 % de los amputados manifiestan dolor de la zona amputada o dolor de miembro fantasma. Entre todos los problemas que se pueden presentar tras la cirugía este es uno de los más graves. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento del dolor fantasma en la población amputada en Cárdenas y la mejoría clínica de los síntomas con los diferentes tratamientos. Periodo comprendido entre 1-1-2015 al 31-12-2019. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el Hospital General "Julio Miguel Aristegui Villamil" de Cárdenas, en el período comprendido del 1-1-2015 al 31-12-2019. Con el fin de evaluar las variables clínicas y demográficas de pacientes con antecedentes de amputación unilateral de miembro y que acudieron al cuerpo de guardia y/o consultas externas de Ortopedia y Traumatología, de Angiológica y Cirugía Vascular por presentar dolor fantasma. Resultados: con respecto a la mejoría de los síntomas y del propio dolor fantasma, según la escala de evaluación del dolor (EVA), se demostró que hubo alivio muy discreto y en un 96 % de los pacientes se presentó persistencia de los mismos. Conclusiones: los resultados fueron insatisfactorios, a pesar de los tratamientos utilizados en el estudio (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: amputation is a surgical procedure and disability as its consequence can be considered a clinical entity. Any response to amputation is highly individual. Between 40 and 80% of amputees refer pain in the amputated area or phantom limb pain, and among all the problems that can occur after surgery, this is one of the most serious. Objective: to determine the behavior of phantom pain in the amputated population in Cárdenas from January 1st 2015 to December 31st 2019 and the clinical improvement of symptoms with the different treatments applied. Materials and methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the General Hospital Julio Miguel Aristegui Villamil of Cárdenas in the period from January 1st 2015 to December 31st 2019, with the aim of evaluating the clinical and demographic variables of patients with antecedents of unilateral limb amputation who attended the emergency department or outpatient Orthopedics and Traumatology, and Angiology and Vascular Surgery consultations for presenting phantom pain. Results: regarding the improvement of the symptoms and the phantom pain itself, according to the pain evaluation scale (VAS), it was shown that there was very discreet relief and its persistence in 96% of the patients. Conclusions: unsatisfactory results are observed instead of the treatments used in the study (AU).

Bodyweight distribution between limbs, muscle strength, and proprioception in traumatic transtibial amputees: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate how transtibial amputation (TT) affects bodyweight distribution, voluntary knee joint position sense (JPS), and quadriceps (QUA) and hamstrings (HAM) strength in prosthetized patients. METHODS: Only TT patients who had been prosthetized for more than one year were included, and an age-paired able-bodied group was used as control. The participants stood on force plates with their eyes open to measure bodyweight distribution between the limbs. Knee voluntary JPS was assessed by actively reproducing a set of given arbitrary joint angles using a video analysis approach, and QUA and HAM strength were assessed isometrically with a hand-held dynamometer. RESULTS: Sixteen TT subjects (age: 39.4±4.8 years) and sixteen age-paired control subjects (age: 38.4±4.3 years) participated in the study. The amputees supported their bodyweight majorly on the sound limb (54.8±8.3%, p<0.001). The proprioceptive performance was similar between the amputated (absolute error (AE): 2.2±1.6°, variable error (VE): 1.9±1.6°, constant error (CE): -0.7±2.0°) and non-amputated limbs (AE: 2.6±0.9°, VE: 2.1±0.9°, CE: 0.02±2.3°), and was not different from that of control subjects (AE: 2.0±0.9°, VE: 1.4±0.4°, CE: -1.1±1.7°). There was a considerable weakness of the QUA and HAM in the amputated limb compared with the sound limb and control subjects (p<0.001 both). CONCLUSIONS: The asymmetric bodyweight distribution in the transtibial amputees was not accompanied by a reduction in knee proprioception. There was significant weakness in the amputated limb, which could be a potential issue when designing rehabilitation programs.

Assessment of the upper limbs maximum power and the locomotion speed in amputee football players

Abstract Aim: The purpose of the study was to assess upper limbs' maximum power and locomotion speed among amputee football (amputee soccer) players. Methods: The 30-s Wingate Anaerobic test and the 20-m sprint test were performed. Anthropometric measurements and body composition (Body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat (% BF), and lean body mass (LBM)) were examined. Results: BMI significantly differentiated forwards and defenders (p < 0.05). Peak power (PP) and mean power (MP) were related to LBM (p < 0.05), thus defenders reached higher values of PP, in comparison to forwards. % BF and BMI were related to relative mean power (rMP) (p < 0.05). Field position differentiated players in terms of upper limbs' relative peak power (rPP) in favour of forwards (p < 0.05). Age was a significant factor for speed velocity on 10 m and 20 m (p < 0.05). There was no relationship between upper limbs' power and locomotion speed. Conclusion: Body composition, especially % BF may influence on the anaerobic performance of amputee football players.

Avaliação da qualidade e do nível de satisfação de atletas amputados transfemorais com suas próteses: um estudo preliminar / Quality and level of satisfaction assessment of amputee athletes with their prosthesis: a preliminary study

O aumento do número de sujeitos amputados protetizados torna necessário o desenvolvimento de dispositivos cada vez mais seguros e funcionais para o uso. Dentre os aspectos envolvidos no desenvolvimento protético, é importante que seja avaliada a percepção do usuário em relação ao dispositivo para detectar problemas e desconfortos que prejudicam o processo de adaptação e rein serção social após a amputação. Objetivo: analisar o nível de satisfação de atletas com amputação transfemoral em relação à suas próteses e seus impactos em sua funcionalidade e qualidade de vida. Mét o do : estudo transversal preliminar realizado com cinco atletas amputados, a coleta de dados foi realizada por meio da aplicação de um formulário de avaliação estruturado e questionário para obtenção das características estruturais e psicológicas dos participantes com amputação e do dispositivo protético utilizado, o nível de associação entre os aspectos avaliados foi medido por meio do coeficiente de correlação de sp earm an . Resultados: após a avaliação dos dados, foi observada correlação positiva forte entre o tempo de amputação e o grau de adaptação protético (p<0.05). Indivíduos mais adaptados ao dispositiv o p ossuem maior satisfação ao uso da prótese nas atividades de vida diária e maiores pontuações no questionário. Foi observada ainda e que a qualidade da prótese impacta o nível de satisfação em relação à adaptação e desenvolvimento das atividades diárias e desportivas. Conclusão: as análises evidenciam a influência do processo de protetização no desempenho esportivo e nas atividades cotidianas executadas pelos sujeit o s amputados, dados que podem contribuir para desenvolvimento tecnológico de dispositivos que interfiram positivamente no desempenho funcional diário e esportivo dessa população...(AU)

Background: the increase of amputated subjects with leg prostheses requires the development of increasingly safe and functional devices, and for this purpose it is necessary t o ev aluate the user's perception regarding his device to detect problems and discomforts that undermine t he so cial reintegration process after the amputation. Purpose: to analyze the satisfaction level o f athletes wit h transfemoral amputation about their prosthesis and its impacts in their functionality and qualit y o f life. Methods: a preliminary cross-sectional study was developed; data collection was performed through t he application of a structured evaluation form and a questionnaire to obtain structural an d p sy ch ological characteristics of five participants with amputation and the prosthetic device used. Correlation coefficients between evaluated aspects were calculated. Results: there was a strong positive correlation bet ween t he time since amputation and prosthetic adaptation (p<0.05). Subjects more adap ted t o t he dev ice h ave greater satisfaction using their prosthesis in activities of daily living and higher scores on quest io nnaire. The present study verified that the quality of the prosthesis influences the level of satisfaction related t o adaptation and development of daily and sports activities. Conclusion: this study correlations sh o ws t he real influence of prosthetization process in sports performance and daily activities executed by am p utee subjects, this data may assist the technological development of devices that contribute t o th e daily and sportive functional performance of this population...(AU)

Protocolo de estudo para relatar a eficácia da terapia de realidade virtual em combinação com o protocolo de fisioterapia para melhorar o equilíbrio em amputados traumáticos de membros inferiores / Study protocol to report the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy in combination with physical therapy protocol for improving balance in traumatic lower limb amputees: A parallel, open-label, randomized controlled trial

INTRODUÇÃO: A intervenção em realidade virtual (RV) foi viável em amputados de membros inferiores (AMI). Até onde sabemos, não existe um estudo controlado randomizado disponível sobre a reabilitação do AMI usando RV. As evidências sugerem que são necessárias mais pesquisas para reabilitação de amputados usando VR. OBJETIVO: Comparar a eficácia da terapia de RV como um complemento terapêutico adicional com o protocolo de fisioterapia nos limites de estabilidade e estabilidade postural, dor e qualidade de vida entre os AMI. MÉTODOS: Um total de 100 AMI foi recrutado por amostragem aleatória simples (gerador de número aleatório) do JPN Apex Trauma Center, AIIMS, para participar de um ensaio clínico randomizado. O AMI recrutado foi dividido aleatoriamente em dois grupos: terapia de realidade virtual juntamente com o grupo protocolo de fisioterapia (VRT-PTP) e o grupo protocolo de fisioterapia (PTP). A duração do tratamento será de 30 minutos em uma sessão / dia, durante 4 dias / semana, durante 3 semanas. Assim, cada AMI receberá 12 sessões no total. O Sistema de Equilíbrio Biodex para medir o equilíbrio dinâmico, NPRS para dor e qualidade de vida pelo WHOQOL-BREF da OMS (WHOQOL-BREF) são as medidas de resultado que serão registradas na linha de base, no final do período pós-intervenção de três semanas. O acompanhamento será realizado na 6ª e 9ª semana após a inscrição. RESULTADOS: A normalidade dos dados coletados será confirmada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. A significância estatística intra e inter grupos será determinada por testes apropriados. O tamanho do efeito e a análise de potência serão realizados. CONCLUSÃO: Este estudo apresentará dados para a eficácia do VRT na melhora do equilíbrio e da marcha, além do PTP.

INTRODUCTION: Virtual reality (VR) intervention was found to be feasible in lower limb amputees (LLA). To best of our knowledge, only there is no randomized controlled trial available regarding the rehabilitation of LLA using VR. Evidence suggest that more researches for amputee rehabilitation using VR is warranted. OBJECTIVE: To compare the effectiveness of VR therapy as an additional therapeutic adjunct with physical therapy protocol on limits of stability and postural stability, pain and quality of life among LLA. METHODS: A total of 100 LLA will be recruited by the simple random sampling (random number generator) from JPN Apex Trauma Centre, AIIMS to participate in randomized controlled trial. Recruited LLA will be randomly divided into two groups, virtual reality therapy along with physical therapy protocol (VRT-PTP) group and physical therapy protocol (PTP) group. Duration of the treatment will be 30 minutes in one session/day for 4 days/week for 3 weeks. Thus, each LLA will receive 12 sessions in total. The Biodex Balance System for measuring dynamic balance, NPRS for pain and quality of life by WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) are the outcome measures will be recorded at baseline, end of 3-week post-intervention period. The follow-up will be taken at 6th and 9th week after enrollment. RESULTS: Normality of the collected data will be confirmed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Statistical significance within and between the groups will be determined. Effect size and power analysis will be performed. CONCLUSION: This study will present data for the efficacy of the VRT in improving balance and gait in addition to PTP.

Multimodal intrathecal therapy for phantom limb pain: a report of 2 cases / Terapia intratecal multimodal para tratamiento de dolor de miembro fantasma: Reporte de dos casos

Abstract Introduction: Phantom limb pain (PLP) is a chronic debilitating condition, frequently observed in amputees. At present, there is no standard treatment, and its optimal management requires a multidisciplinary approach in which minimally invasive treatment should be considered in more complex cases. Objective: To report successful treatment of 2 cases of PLP treated with ziconotide as part of multimodal intrathecal management. Materials and methods: Descriptive, retrospective case report developed in a multimodal pain treatment unit. Results: A total of 2 cases of patients with diagnosis of PLP refractory to medical therapy, treated with intrathecal multimodal therapy, are presented. Their favorable course, with 50% pain reduction, is described. Conclusion: Implantation of infusion systems for administration of intrathecal analgesia with ziconotide at the cervical and supraspinal level proved to be effective in the described cases; this technique should be evaluated in specific trials for the treatment of PLP refractory to other therapies.

Resumen Introducción: El dolor de miembro fantasma es una condición crónica debilitante, frecuentemente observada en pacientes amputados. En la actualidad carece de un estándar de tratamiento. Su óptimo manejo requiere un abordaje multidisciplinario en el que el tratamiento mínimamente invasivo debe ser considerado en los casos más complejos. Objetivo: Reportar el éxito obtenido en dos casos de dolor de miembro fantasma tratados mediante ziconotida, como parte del manejo multimodal intratecal. Materiales y métodos: Se trata de un reporte de casos, descriptivo y retrospectivo, desarrollado en una unidad de tratamiento integral del dolor. Resultados: Se presentan dos casos de pacientes con diagnóstico de dolor de miembro fantasma refractario a tratamiento médico, tratados con terapia multimodal intratecal; se describe su evolución favorable después del inicio de la terapia, con una reducción de dolor del 50%. Conclusiones: La implantación de sistemas de infusión para administración de analgesia intratecal con ziconotida a nivel cervical y supraespinal demostró ser eficaz en los casos descritos; esta técnica debe ser evaluada en ensayos específicos para el tratamiento del dolor de miembro fantasma en miembros superiores, refractario a otras terapias.

Impacto funcional y psicosocial del uso de prótesis de bajo costo en impresión 3D en amputado unilateral de antebrazo: estudio de un caso / Functional and psychosocial impact of the use of low cost 3D prosthesis in a subject with unilateral forearm amputation: case report

Introducción: Los pacientes que presentan una amputación a nivel transradial cuentan con oferta reducida de dispositivos protésicos (gancho y mano cosmética). Postulamos que disponer de nuevos sistemas protésicos 3D de bajo costo y la experiencia de su uso, permitirá aumentar las opciones para mejorar funcionalidad, actividad y participación. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto funcional y psicosocial del uso de mano protésica manufacturada con impresión 3D. Método: Se seleccionó un paciente Teletón con amputación transradial de antebrazo izquierdo nivel tercio medio, 15 años de edad, con consentimiento informado. Se tomó molde en yeso y confeccionó prótesis 3D fabricada en acrilonitrilo butadieno estireno (ABS) y ácido poli-láctico (PLA); el pulgar tiene dos articulaciones y los demás dedos tres articulaciones. La prótesis la constituyen también el antebrazo y muñeca. El usuario recibió cuatro sesiones de entrenamiento con la prótesis en el lapso de un mes. Las evaluaciones con pauta de funcionalidad de mano Bilan 400 points modificada, índice funcional de las extremidades superiores (UEFI) y escala del impacto psicosocial de la asistencia tecnológica (PIADS), se aplicaron previo al ingreso, a tres y once meses de seguimiento. Resultados: La funcionalidad de mano mostró un incremento de alrededor de 30% con ambos instrumentos. En medición PIADS, competencia, autoestima y adaptabilidad, variaron de ningún efecto de la asistencia tecnológica, hasta el máximo de 3 puntos para adaptabilidad en el seguimiento a 11 meses. Conclusión: Este estudio de caso destaca potenciales beneficios del uso de prótesis de extremidad superior en el desempeño funcional y calidad de vida.

Introduction: The range of prosthetic devices (hooks and cosmetic hands) is limited for transradial amputation patients. Having new low-cost 3D prosthetic systems available, as well as experience on how to use them, will increase the options for better functionality, activity and participation. Objective: To assess functional and psychosocial impact of the use of 3D printed prosthetic hand. Method: A 15 year-old Teleton patient was selected with a middle third transradial amputation of the left forearm; informed consent was obtained. A plaster mold was taken and a 3D prosthesis was made using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polylactic acid (PLA); the thumb had two articulations and the other fingers had three articulations. The prosthesis comprised also forearm and wrist. The user attended four prosthetic training sessions in a month. Modified Bilan 400 points scale for hand functionality, upper extremity functional index (UEFI) and the psychosocial impact of assistive devices scale (PIADS) were applied before admittance, and then at three and eleven months of follow up. Results: Hand functionality showed an increase of approximately 30% with both measuring instruments. In case of PIADS, competence, self-esteem and adaptability varied, from no effect of technology assistance, to the maximum of 3 points in adaptability at the eleven-month follow up. Conclusion: This case study highlights potential benefits of using upper limb 3D prosthesis on daily functional performance and quality of life.

Características do perfil de indivíduos amputados atendidos em um instituto de reabilitação / Characteristics of the profile of amputated individuals attended at a rehabilitation institute

Objetivo: Apresentar características do perfil de indivíduos amputados unilaterais na fase pré protética atendidos em um instituto de reabilitação hospitalar. Método: Estudo retrospectivo a partir dos registros dos prontuários dos pacientes amputados do Instituto de Medicina Física e Reabilitação da Universidade de São Paulo que realizaram reabilitação hospitalar na instituição. Foram analisados os prontuários de julho de 2015 até novembro de 2018. Nestes prontuários foram coletadas as informações sobre: idade, gênero, tipo de lesão, tempo da lesão, etiologia da lesão, mobilidade funcional por meio do teste Timed Up and Go (TUG), equilíbrio/funcionalidade por meio do teste Amputee Mobility Predictor (AMP), capacidade de caminhar por meio do teste de caminhada de 2 minutos (TC2Min). Análises descritivas foram feitas para avaliar as características demográficas e clínicas dos pacientes. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 43,59±16,52 anos, com tempo de amputação de 21,9±32,7 meses. Houve predominância do gênero masculino e a etiologia traumática e amputação transfemoral foram as mais prevalentes. Os dados clínicos encontrados foram: tempo de execução do teste TUG: 18,7 segundos, da AMP: 31,2 pontos, TC2Min: 111,2 metros. Conclusão: Na fase pré-protética, a origem traumática foi predominante, sendo a maioria do gênero masculino. A amputação transfemoral foi superior às demais. O tempo médio da amputação até a internação é quase de dois anos. Os testes clínicos embora apresentem bons resultados, mostram a necessidade de serem aprimoradas as questões como, por exemplo, a mobilidade funcional que é condizente com risco de quedas nestes indivíduos.

Objective: To present characteristics of the profile of unilateral amputees in the pre-prosthetic phase treated at a hospital rehabilitation institute. Method: A retrospective study based on medical records of amputated patients of the Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation of the University of São Paulo who underwent hospital rehabilitation at the institution. The medical records from July 2015 to November 2018 were analyzed. Information on: age, gender, type of injury, time of injury, etiology of the injury, functional mobility by the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test was collected, balance/functionality through the Amputee Mobility Predictor (AMP) test, ability to walk through the 2-minute walk test (TC2Min). Descriptive analyzes were performed to evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. Results: The mean age was 43.59 ± 16.52 years, with amputation time of 21.9 ± 32.7 months. There was a predominance of males and traumatic etiology and transfemoral amputation were the most prevalent. The clinical data found were: TUG test execution time: 18.7 seconds, AMP: 31.2 points, TC2Min: 111.2 meters. Conclusion: In the pre-prosthetic phase, the traumatic origin was predominant, most of them male. Transfemoral amputation was superior to the others. The average time from amputation to hospitalization is almost two years. Clinical tests, although successful, show the need to improve issues such as functional mobility that is commensurate with the risk of falls in these individuals

Avaliação postural de sujeitos com amputação de membro inferior / Postural evaluation of subjects with lower limb amputation

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a postura de sujeitos com amputação de membro inferior. MÉTODOS: Participaram do presente estudo 10 sujeitos do sexo masculino, com 38,2±8,2 anos, com amputação em diferentes níveis de membro inferior, unilateral, protetizados. Para a avaliação postural foi utilizado o Software de Avaliação Postural (SAPO), sendo as imagens avaliadas de acordo com o protocolo do software. Os dados foram analisados através da estatística descritiva e inferencial (teste t independente), com valor de significância de p≤0,05. RESULTADOS: As principais alterações observadas foram: retropé com um valgo aumentado, tornozelo fletido, cabeça inclinada para a direita e tronco em flexão. Quando comparada a postura de acordo com o tempo de amputação, se observou diferença estatisticamente significativa na assimetria horizontal da escápula em relação à T3 (p=0,004), sendo que sujeitos com tempo de amputação de até seis anos apresentaram a escápula esquerda mais alta que a direita (-5,28±8,16°) e os com mais de seis anos de amputação apresentaram a escápula direita mais alta que esquerda (19,42±11°). Na comparação entre níveis de amputação, se observou diferença estatisticamente significativa no ângulo do tornozelo (p=0,008), com os sujeitos com amputação abaixo do joelho apresentando maior flexão do tornozelo (81,97±1,72°) do que os com amputação ao nível do joelho e acima deste (87,30±2,65°). CONCLUSÕES: Os achados do presente estudo demonstram que todos os sujeitos avaliados apresentaram alguma alteração postural, porém, não se pode afirmar que a assimetria postural destes é devido à amputação.

AIMS: To evaluate the posture of subjects with lower limb amputee. METHODS: Ten subjects participated in the study, males, with 38,2±8,2 years, with unilateral lower limb amputation and prosthesis users. For the postural evaluation, the Postural Evaluation Software (SAPO) was used, and the images were evaluated according to the software protocol. Data were analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics (independent t test), with a significance level of p≤0,05. RESULTS: The main alterations observed were: rearfoot valgus enlargement, flexed ankle, head tilted to the right and trunk in flexion. When compared the posture according to time of amputation, was observed a statistically significant difference in the horizontal asymmetry of scapula in relation to T3 (p=0,004), being that subjects with amputation time of up to six years presented the left scapula higher than the right one (-5,28±8,16°) and those with more than six years of amputation had the right upper right scapula (19,42±11°). In the comparison between amputation levels, there was a statistically significant difference in the ankle angle (p=0,008), with subjects with amputation below the knee presenting greater ankle flexion (81,97±1,72°) than those with amputation at the level of the knee and above this (87,30±2,65°). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the present study demonstrate that all the evaluated subjects presented some postural alteration, however, it cannot be affirmed that the postural asymmetry of these is due to the amputation.

Satisfação e ajuste à prótese de indivíduos com amputação de membro inferior / Satisfaction and adjustment to the prosthesis of individuals with lower limb amputation

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a satisfação e o ajuste à prótese de indivíduos com amputação de membro inferior. MÉTODOS: Participaram 24 indivíduos com amputação de membro inferior com 46,1±17,5 anos e que utilizam prótese há 10,8±8,7 anos. Foi utilizada uma ficha para caracterização dos indivíduos e o questionário Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ) para avaliar a satisfação e o ajuste à prótese. Os dados foram coletados em instituições que atendem pessoas amputadas nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul e Santa Catarina e analisados pela estatística descritiva e inferencial com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa nos resultados do PEQ entre os indivíduos quando comparados em relação ao nível de amputação e ao tempo que utilizam a prótese. Em relação aos escores obtidos entre os grupos com amputação vascular e traumática, houve diferença significativa na subescala de saúde do membro residual, com maiores escores e consequente melhor saúde do membro residual nos indivíduos com amputação de causa vascular, além de melhores escores na escala de satisfação nestes indivíduos. CONCLUSÕES: Foi possível concluir que indivíduos com amputação de causa vascular são mais satisfeitos com sua prótese, com a maneira como andam e como as coisas estão desde a amputação e também possuem melhor saúde do membro residual em relação a indivíduos com amputação traumática. Porém, o nível e o tempo de amputação parecem não influenciar na satisfação e no ajuste à prótese.

AIMS: Evaluate satisfaction and adjustment to the prosthesis of individuals with lower limb amputation. METHODS: Participants were 24 patients with lower limb amputation with 46,1±17,5 years and using the prosthesis for 10,8±8,7 years. A card was used to characterize the individuals and the Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ) to evaluate satisfaction and adjustment to the prosthesis. Data were collected from institutions that serving amputees in the states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics at a 5% significance level. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the results of the PEQ between individuals when compared to the level of amputation and time using the prosthesis. Regarding the scores between groups with vascular and traumatic amputation, was a significant difference in residual limb health subscale, with higher scores and consequently better health of the residual limb in amputees with vascular causes, besides better higher scores on the scale of satisfaction in these individuals. CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that patients with a vascular cause of amputation are more satisfied with their prosthesis, with the way they walk and how things are from amputation and also have better health of the residual limb in relation to individuals with traumatic amputation. However, the level and time of amputation do not seem to influence the satisfaction and adjustment of the prosthesis.

Intinerário terapêutico de pessoas com DM2 que sofreram amputação: (des) encontros com os profissionais e o sistema de saúde / Therapeutic itinerary of people with DM2 who suffered amputation: (dis) meetings with professionals and the health system

Objetivo: analisar o itinerário terapêutico de usuários da APS que sofreram amputação de membro inferior por complicação da Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2, abordando aspectos relacionados aos profissionais de saúde e a organização do sistema de saúde em diferentes níveis de atenção. Método: Pesquisa qualitativa, realizada com seis usuários que sofreram amputação de membros inferiores derivados do DM2 de um serviço de Atenção Primária. A coleta de dados foi realizada mediante pesquisa nos prontuários e entrevista semi-estruturada, gravadas, transcritas e analisadas à luz da Análise de Conteúdo. Resultados: Emergiram duas categorias relacionadas ao itinerário da amputação e os des(encontros) com os profissionais da saúde e sistema de saúde. Considerações finais: Diante disso, os itinerários terapêuticos dos sujeitos demonstraram as fragilidades da Rede de Atenção á Saúde no cuidado do portador de DM. Foram muitos desencontros na busca por cuidado, situações traumáticas e falta de sensibilidade com sua condição de saúde. (AU)

Quality of life among Filipino amputees after prosthetic rehabilitation at the UERMMMCI Philippine School of Prosthetics and Orthotics Charity Clinic / The Health Sciences Journal

INTRODUCTION: Amputation is often associated with depression, isolation and anxiety, resulting in changesin the functioning and quality of life of an individual. This study aimed to compare the quality of life ofamputees before and after prosthetic rehabilitation and to determine the level of satisfaction with theservices provided by the rehabilitation team.METHODS: This was a longitudinal study conducted at the Philippine School of Prosthetics and Orthoticsfrom 2016 to 2017. Quality of life was measured at baseline and at the end of prosthetic rehabilitationusing the Short Form-36 version 2 Philippines (Tagalog) and compared. Patient satisfaction was determinedusing the UERMMMCI Out-Patient Satisfaction Survey. Statistical analysis was done using paired t-testand stratified analysis.RESULTS: Twelve participants were included; majority were adult males and all were unemployed. Therewere no statistically significant changes in the quality of life of amputees after prosthetic rehabilitation.Stratification analysis revealed significant decreases in scores in bodily pain and general health scales forfemales. On the other hand, males had statistically significant increases in vitality scores. Participantswere generally satisfied with the services they received.CONCLUSION: While no significant changes were observed for overall quality of life, certain aspects may berelated to factors such as sex, comorbidities, and type of caregiver. Recommendations include further studiesto explore other factors affecting quality of life among Filipino amputees after prosthetic rehabilitation.

Research progress on perception and feedback technology in artificial prosthesis / 生物医学工程学杂志

Artificial prosthesis is an important tool to help amputees to gain or partially obtain abled human limb functions. Compared with traditional prosthesis which is only for decoration or merely has feedforward control channel, the perception and feedback function of prosthesis is an important guarantee for its normal use and self-safety. And this includes the information of position, force, texture, roughness, temperature and so on. This paper mainly summarizes the development and current status of artificial prostheses in the field of perception and feedback technology in recent years, which is derived from two aspects: the recognition way of perception signals and the feedback way of perception signals. Among the part of recognition way of perception signals, the current commonly adopted sensors related to perception information acquisition and their application status in prosthesis are overviewed. Additionally, from the aspects of force feedback stimulation, invasive/non-invasive electrical stimulation, and vibration stimulation, the feedback methods of perception signals are summarized and analyzed. Finally, some problems existing in the perception and feedback technology of artificial prosthesis are proposed, and their development trends are also prospected.

A compact-sized surface EMG sensor for myoelectric hand prosthesis

Myoelectric prosthesis requires a sensor that can reliably capture surface electromyography (sEMG) signal from amputees for its controlled operation. The main problems with the presently available EMG devices are their extremely high cost, large response time, noise susceptibility, less amplitude sensitivity, and larger size. This paper proposes a compact and affordable EMG sensor for the prosthetic application. The sensor consists of an electrode interface, signal conditioning unit, and power supply unit all encased in a single package. The performance of dry electrodes employed in the skin interface was compared with the conventional Ag/AgCl electrodes, and the results were found satisfactory. The envelope detection technique in the sensor based on the tuned RC parameters enables the generation of smooth, faster, and repeatable EMG envelope irrespective of signal strength and subject variability. The output performance of the developed sensor was compared with commercial EMG sensor regarding signal-to-noise ratio, sensitivity, and response time. To perform this, EMG data with both devices were recorded for 10 subjects (3 amputees and 7 healthy subjects). The results showed 1.4 times greater SNR values and 45% higher sensitivity of the developed sensor than the commercial EMG sensor. Also, the proposed sensor was 57% faster than the commercial sensor in producing the output response. The sEMG sensor was further tested on amputees to control the operation of a self-designed 3D printed prosthetic hand. With proportional control scheme, the myoelectric hand setup was able to provide quicker and delicate grasping of objects as per the strength of the EMG signal.

Clinical outcomes of a low-cost single-channel myoelectric-interface three-dimensional hand prosthesis

BACKGROUND: Prosthetic hands with a myoelectric interface have recently received interest within the broader category of hand prostheses, but their high cost is a major barrier to use. Modern three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has enabled more widespread development and cost-effectiveness in the field of prostheses. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical impact of a low-cost 3D-printed myoelectric-interface prosthetic hand on patients' daily life. METHODS: A prospective review of all upper-arm transradial amputation amputees who used 3D-printed myoelectric interface prostheses (Mark V) between January 2016 and August 2017 was conducted. The functional outcomes of prosthesis usage over a 3-month follow-up period were measured using a validated method (Orthotics Prosthetics User Survey–Upper Extremity Functional Status [OPUS-UEFS]). In addition, the correlation between the length of the amputated radius and changes in OPUS-UEFS scores was analyzed. RESULTS: Ten patients were included in the study. After use of the 3D-printed myoelectric single electromyography channel prosthesis for 3 months, the average OPUS-UEFS score significantly increased from 45.50 to 60.10. The Spearman correlation coefficient (r) of the correlation between radius length and OPUS-UEFS at the 3rd month of prosthetic use was 0.815. CONCLUSIONS: This low-cost 3D-printed myoelectric-interface prosthetic hand with a single reliable myoelectrical signal shows the potential to positively impact amputees' quality of life through daily usage. The emergence of a low-cost 3D-printed myoelectric prosthesis could lead to new market trends, with such a device gaining popularity via reduced production costs and increased market demand.